The following go below the line of poetry:
- Beats:
- B -- Emphasized beat (stress),
- b -- Unemphasized beat: normally unstressed syllable falling on a beat position in the meter,
- [B] -- Virtual beat, an "unspoken" beat that we tend to sense when say, three-beat lines alternate with four-beat lines (tetrameter alternating with trimeter, as in many ballad forms.)
- Offbeats (where the typography gets hairy):
- o -- Unemphasized offbeat, "standard" offbeat.
- O -- Emphasized offbeat, normally stressed syllable in offbeat position.
- -o- -- Double offbeat, common in iambic substitutions, dactylic and anapestic rhythms. If one or the other is a bit more stressed, use =o- or -o=.
- ~o~ -- Triple offbeat, rare in strict metrical English.
- ^o or * --Implied offbeat, rhythmical pause between stressed beats. I think of this as the "missing beat in the middle of a spondee" to relate it to more traditional scansion. I suggest the asterisk as easier to type and more compact.
- [o] -- Virtual offbeat, generally found at a caesura or grammatical pause, another "unspoken" one.
- o b o
o b #
# b o
Examples of unemphasized syllables acting as beats, aka "promotion." - B O B
# O B
"Demotion", analogous to above. - # B -o- B
// B -o- B
"initial inversion" and "medial inversion", in traditional scansion a "trochaic substitution." - -o- B ^o B or -o- B * B
"offbeat initial pairing" traditionally: "pyrrhic and spondee, double iamb, ionic minor." - B ^o B -o- or B * B -o-
"beat-initial pairing" traditionally: "spondee and pyrrhic, ionic major."
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