Sunday, June 17, 2007

Utility post: about beat-offbeat scansion

Rather than try to write this in iambic pentameter, I'll just use ordinary prose. I like Attridge's beat-offbeat scansion mainly because it is easy to insert between lines when typing poetry. I will very briefly summarize it, and include my own suggestion for a typographical modification:

The following go below the line of poetry:
  • Beats:
    • B -- Emphasized beat (stress),
    • b -- Unemphasized beat: normally unstressed syllable falling on a beat position in the meter,
    • [B] -- Virtual beat, an "unspoken" beat that we tend to sense when say, three-beat lines alternate with four-beat lines (tetrameter alternating with trimeter, as in many ballad forms.)
  • Offbeats (where the typography gets hairy):
    • o -- Unemphasized offbeat, "standard" offbeat.
    • O -- Emphasized offbeat, normally stressed syllable in offbeat position.
    • -o- -- Double offbeat, common in iambic substitutions, dactylic and anapestic rhythms. If one or the other is a bit more stressed, use =o- or -o=.
    • ~o~ -- Triple offbeat, rare in strict metrical English.
    • ^o or * --Implied offbeat, rhythmical pause between stressed beats. I think of this as the "missing beat in the middle of a spondee" to relate it to more traditional scansion. I suggest the asterisk as easier to type and more compact.
    • [o] -- Virtual offbeat, generally found at a caesura or grammatical pause, another "unspoken" one.
The o-caret combination is nasty to type, so that is why I propose the asterisk instead. For completeness, here are Attridge's "Rhythmic figures" with a comment or two. Following Meter and Meaning, # marks the beginning or end of line, // a signifcant break in the line:
  1. o b o
    o b #
    # b o
    Examples of unemphasized syllables acting as beats, aka "promotion."
  2. B O B
    # O B
    "Demotion", analogous to above.
  3. # B -o- B
    // B -o- B
    "initial inversion" and "medial inversion", in traditional scansion a "trochaic substitution."
  4. -o- B ^o B or -o- B * B
    "offbeat initial pairing" traditionally: "pyrrhic and spondee, double iamb, ionic minor."
  5. B ^o B -o- or B * B -o-
    "beat-initial pairing" traditionally: "spondee and pyrrhic, ionic major."
And that's the system. I'll post an example or two next.

No comments: